THE DAWN OF MODERN CULTURE IN EUROPE AND INDIA
(PRE MODERN ERA FROM 1300 TO 1800)
Objective Questions
Q. 1. Choose the correct alternative:
What does Renaissance mean: (a) Awareness (b) Restoration (c) Production (d) Distribution.
In pre medieval era which city of developed Europe was free from kings control: (a) Florence (b) Paris (c) Perth (d) London.
In medieval era which empire was in south of India: (a) Mughal empire (b) Pal empire (c) Vijaynagar (d) Pratinar empire.
Who is considered as father of humanism: (a) Ruskin (b) Petrarch (c) Galileo (d) Copernicus.
In pre modern era who invented printing machine: (a) Caxton (b) William (c) Gutenberg (d) Hamilton.
Important book published in 1513 A.D. of Machiavelli was: (a) The Prince (b) The Politics (c) The Nation (d) None of these.
What is the architecture called in which high greek pillars, arches and domes are used: (a) Greek architecture (b) Indian architecture (c) Classical architecture (d) Arabic architecture.
Painter of 'Monalisa' was: (a) Michal angelo (b) Leonardo da vinci (c) Patrok (d) Johnson.
Telescope was invented by: (a) Capellar (b) Copernicus (c) Galileo (d) Caxton.
Who discovered new sea way for India: (a) Vasco-De-Gama (b) Christopher columbus (c) Amerigo (d) Almida.
Ans. 1. (b), 2. (a), 3. (c), 4. (b), 5. (c), 6. (a), 7. (c), 8. (b), 9. (c), 10. (a).
Q. 2. Fill in the blanks:
Gunpowder was invented in ................
Principle of sun of universe was propounded by ................
............... propounded principle of gravitation and motion of heavenly bodies.
Portuguese sailor ............... reached the coast Calicut of India in 1498.
Important incidents of starting of modern era was ............... revolution and ............... revolution.
In ............... building made by shahjahan inique combination of domes and archs can be seen.
American islands were discovered by ............... in 1492.
............... circumnavigated Earth first.
Machiavelii published his important book in ................
The art of Renaissance period was inspired by ................
....... is considered as one of the greatest artist in the world History.
Renaissance once era is mainly known for its specific ........ and scriptures.
Ans. 1. China, 2. Copernicus, 3. Newton, 4. Vasco-de-gama, 5. American, French, 6. Tajmahal, 7. Christopher columbus, 8. Magellan, 9. 1513, 10. Christian religion, 11. Michal Angelo, 12. Painting.
Q. 3. Match the following :
(A) (B) 1. Sufi movement (a) Poland 2. Geneva and Florance (b) England 3. Gutenberg (c) Portugal 4. Roger Bacson (d) India 5. Copernicus (e) Italy 6. Isaac newton (f) Germany 7. Vasco-De-Gama (g) England. Ans. 1. (d), 2. (e), 3. (f), 4. (g), 5. (a), 6. (b), 7. (c).
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q. 1. What do you mean by pre-modern era ?
Ans. At the end of medival period due to changes people believed more on science and logical, period from when this change took place is called pre modern era.
Q. 2. What is the identity of modern era ?
Ans. Industrial production and democratic state are the identity of modern era.
Q. 3. Which period is called the pre-modern era ?
Ans. Generally we call the period from 1300 A.D. to 1750 A.D. as pre modern era, and period after that will be called modern period.
Q.4. Due to the development of business which new cities emerged where spirit of democracy and republic developed ?
Ans. Geneva and Florance were the two cities.
Q. 5. How old is the temple of Khajurao ?
Ans. Khajurao temple is nearly 1000 years old.
Q.6. What do you mean by classic art ?
Ans. The architecture in which high greek pillors arches and domes are used is called classic style.
Short Answer Type Questions
Q. 1. What were the factors that made the changes in the Middle Ages possible ?
Ans. At the end of medieval era following are the main incidents which led to social change :
Business and urbanisation : Due to increase in business communication of people increased, big cities developed. here new ideologies arose people living in cities were free from royal control due to which new ideologies arose.
Rise of new middle class : Due to development of business and cities new middle class arose. In this businessmen, artist, advocates, writers, artisan, poet etc. were included. This class not even dodged to criticise immediate rulers and popes.
Development of Education : Ancient literature of greek and Latin languages were studied and in this critical point of view developed.
Q. 2. Why did Kings establish autocratic monarchies ? What role did the middle class play in their Formation ? Ans. In centralised states rulers are very ambitious, they centralise all the powers in one place. That means all powers are in the hands of ruler (king). Economic and political powers are centralised in the hands of the king. The expansion of trade the growth of cities and the centralisation of all authority under the king led to our important change the emergence of new middle class. Urbanisation and development also brought new kinds of jobs. The people doing the various jobs (book keeping, accountancy, administration, tax collection.) become the part of middle class.
Q. 3. How did urbanisation and trade help in the development of the middle class? Ans. In pre modern era there was rapid growth in trade between Europe, North Africa and Asia. Business of various countries also expanded and numerous types of goods were being exchanged with development of business urbanisation also increased by which new cities got established and old ones expanded. As a consequence class of rich businessmen grew, people increased travelling in other countries by which ideas were exchanged. Progress of cities promotion of education, by businesses of crafts and arts middle class developed in cities. People of who led business revolution were mostly of middle class.
Q. 4. How has business and war's helped in exchange of knowledge and science in various countries ? Ans. By increase in business and commerce new geographical and sea routes were discovered. Residents of Europe came to know about new countries and they got familiar with other country's people and their business increased. Similarly due to religious war's (Muslim and christians) people of east and west came to mutually communicate by which Europeans got knowledge of many goods of Asia. For business European countries invented many things like - Common, direction indicator machine, telescope, etc. This way business and wars helped in exchanging knowledge and science among different countries. By means of businessmen and wars knowledge of Indian mathematics reached Arab countries and from Arab countries to european cantrees.
Q. 5. What were the features of Europe's ancient literature ? and why its study vanished in medieval period ? Ans. In centre of ancient greek and Latin literature were humans and various aspects of his life - politics, ethics, philosophy of law, cultured behaviour and physical world etc. were its main subjects. In many aspects in was other than religious mediation. In this belief in scriptures or popes, for otherworldly reward sacrifice in this world, to bear austerity or paid etc. were not emphasized. They encouraged logical thinking and emphasized on self thinking of the person. They also emphasized on logical judgement of statements given by popes. Due to this in medieval era domination of christian religion esteblished Europe. So by its popes Greek and Latin literatures were criticised.
In medieval Europe such type of literature’s study got limited due to affect of christian church. This literature was written before birth of Jesus christ and was not according to christian religion. It was request of church that it receipt of happiness should not be worried in this life, effort must be made to get heaven in other world. Due to opposition of church this literature vanished in western Europe.
Q. 6. What was the affect of caste system on development of intellectuals in India ? Ans. On development of intellectual class in India affect of caste system can be seen. In caste system as reaction of discrimination intellectual class wrote many scriptures and highlighted the demerits of caste bias experts related to sufi and bhakti movement also heavily criticised caste system, saint like Nanak, Tulsi and Kabir also criticised caste system.
Q. 7. What was the contribution of Islamic countries an making humanism in Europe ? Ans. In medieval period when due to affect of church ancient literature was vanishing from Europe then in Irac, Iran etc. Islamic countries translation and study of Greek and Latin literature continued till fourteenth century affect of Islamic Culture had spread in Asia from India to Europe in spain. In these areas many customs and cultures were mixing up like - Chineese, middle Asian, Indian, Iranian. Irac, Egypt, Greek etc. experts of Islamic countries benefited from this and by translating chineese, Indian, Iran’s and Greek’s literature in Arabic and persian languages and studied in fourteenth century when again interest in ancient literature arose in. Europe then preserved scriptures and its arabic translation of islamic countries came to use. By means of experts of Islamic countries knowledge of Indian mathematical astronomy and chineese science were gained by experts of Europe.
Q. 8. What were the similarities and differences between Literature study of Indian middle class and European humanism ? Ans. Similarities :
(i) Europeans selected local languages for study of literature.
Indian middle class also selected local languages for study of literature.
(ii) In Europe scriptures of various languages were translated, in India also literature of sanskrit, arabic, persian etc. were translated in one an other language.
(iii) Religious institutions were criticised in Europe as well and in india also evils related to religion were criticised.
Differences :
(i) European humanism were against church and religious assumptions whereas Indian middle class studied and translated literature related to religion.
(ii) European humanistics used printing press but in India use of printing press had not started till that time.
(iii) European humanism was against conservative assumptions of christian religion and related to a specific religion.
Whereas study of literature of Indian middle class represented a mixture of cultures.
(iv) European humanistic could not criticise kings and rulers but Indian scholars even after being dependent on kings independently could criticise them.
यहाँ पाँचवें चित्र का टेक्स्ट फॉर्मेट दिया गया है:
Social Science (C.G.)
Q. 9. How did humanism challenged church ? Ans. Humanism by using intelligence and logics proved ancient assumptions of church to be wrong. Experts dependent on church also didn't miss to criticise it.
(i) Expert named Lourenge walla in 1435 studied important documents of church and declared that it were not original.
(ii) In this those documents were also included on the basis of which roman catholic church used to claim that in ancient period many Roman rulers had given many royal rights to church.
(iii) One more humanistic scholar of Holland erosmus studied ancient Greek literature and Greek main lesson of Bible and showed that latin translation done by church has many mistakes. Erosmus told many assumptions of church to be superstitious. This way as a consequence of humanism thinkers criticism this movement became against church.
Q. 10. How was painting and sculpture of renaissance of Europe different from art of medieval period ? Ans. Paintings and sculpture of renaissance were very different from medieval period. In medieval period subject of pastainings were very limited in which main were characters of Bible and portrait of saints. Gothik script of architecture which was related to church was very complex. In architecture domes and pillars were used. Changes took place in paintings and sculptures of renaissance live paintings were been made. Various aspects of human life, emotions, stages and various features of human body were shown. New colours from India and Iran were being used. Perspective method started. In paintings near and far was felt. Leonardo da vincci painted the world famous potrait of Monalisa. Church were decorated with paintings. Artists like Michael Angelo marked very cautiously in the statues and paintings the ancient features.
Q. 11. What does realism mean in Art ? Which Hindi movies (films) do you consider as realistic ? Explain with reasons. Ans. Realistic art means live paintings, dicto paintings which is made on the basis of observation of living people. By means of realism art various aspects of human life, emotions, stages and various forms of human body were presented. In realistic art paintings used to look real that means paintings were made such that things near and for can be felt. I consider those Hindi movies realistic in which actual condition of common people’s life is shown without hyperbole. In realism Hindi movie actor and actress looks like common people and in these movies problems related to common people is very simply raised. In India 40 to 60 decade of Hindi cinema is considered to be golden period of realism, because in this are Satyajeet Roy, Vimal Roy, Mrinal Sen, Chetan Anand and Gurudutt and V. Shantaram etc. presented society of their time in movie. I consider movies as realistic made by all those, because its subject were directly related to life conditions and true incidents of human life. They openly presented actual conditions of human life, objective to make these movies was not business. Their aim was not only entertainment but presentation of specific and realistic movies. For example Vimal Rai’s movie “Do Bhiga zamin” was based on tragedy of farmers. Shyam Benegal starting from gave many realistic films like Nishant, Bhumika, Manalis Mrigya, Junoon and bazar. In new films Dil se and Yuva of Maniratnam shows realing of life in Mumbai.
Q. 12. Can you consider mughal paintings as realisite arts ? Ans. Topics of Mughal paintings were mostly either mythological related or related to kings court, some paintings this time were also made symbolic, in some paintings some people were realisticly painted but we cannot consider Mughal period's painting as realistic paintings.
Q. 13. What features of Mughal era paintings you can recognise tell on the basis of paintings seen ? Ans. In paintings of mughal era following were the features : (i) Miniature, use of dark colours, in place of dicto painting of humans and animals their ideal forms were drawn. (ii) In miniature affect of Iranian paintings can be seen. (iii) Indian artist also used dark colours and subjects of paintings were taken from mythological stories. (iv) Symbolic paintings were also made. (v) Artisits of kings court used to draw paintings related to king or incidents related to court. (vi) In many paintings people were drawn in realistic way in this their emotions and dress ups were clearly shown.
Q. 14. What was the contribution of Islamic architecture to European Renaissance architecture ? Ans. Use of archs and domes were the main contribution by Islamic architecture to European Renaissance architecture. In this they made that form of archs and domes as basis which was developed by Islamic architecture. Famous artist of Italy Michael Angelo when in 1547 imagined tomb of saint peter then took inspiration from Greek temples, Roman domes and Islamic domes outer structure.
Q. 15. What impression did the new Renaissance architecture seek to make on observers ? Ans. In Renaissance architecture effect of ancient Greek and Roman culture, Islamic architecture's affect and western effect could also be seen. This architecture script wanted to increase feedings of new classical culture and thinking and walking of people together.
Q. 16. In medieval period study of science vanished both in Europe and India what may be the reasons for this ? Ans. In medieval period affect of church was on education due to which people became superstitious and adherence to tradition. Due to being in affect of church without permission of the church no new knowledge could be imagined so here study of science vanished. India in medieval period was engaged in security and expansion as a consequence no one had attention towards study of science and developments.
Q. 17. What were the contributions of China, India and Arabic countries in development of science in Europe? Ans. In medieval period due to affect of church in Europe scientific study had stopped in Europe, still it continued in Islamic countries. Philosophers of Arab had studied and translated scientific and mathematical literature of China and India. Indian mathematics and mainly number method based on local measures were adopted by them. Some important inventions of China like-gunpowder, magnet were also adopted by them. Philosphers of Arab had forwarded the calculation of motion of stars, planets etc. done by astronomers of China and India. Their writings reached scientists of Europe in various ways. In such way scientists of Arab helped Indian and Chineese science to reach Europe. When in Europe study of ancient Greek and Latin literature started again then Greek scientist studied literature and volumes of Arab.
Q. 18. In 1400 A.D. what all things and thoughts must have been exchanged ? Assume. Ans. In medieval period between Eastern and western countries by means of trade goods were exchanged like spices, cotton, silk and velvet garments Jwells etc. used to be exported from Eastern countries to western. In exchange of this gold, silver and other goods used to come to Eastern countries. Due to establishment of cities thoughts related to middle class of democracy and development were exchanged. As a result to this exchange people got free from affect of church.
Q. 19. Many people said that today state has more existence and power as compared to centralised government system of Mughal. Do you agree with this statement ? Give reasons for your answer. Ans. Yes, I agree with this statment that today state has power and dominance more than centralised government system of Mughal :
(i) Administrative system of Mughal empires were not capable as much as it is of today’s government.
(ii) As keen means and technology today's government has it was not there with Mughal empires.
(iii) Today by various means government is connected with public like newspaper, telephone, T.V. etc. these were not available at that time.
(iv) Latest means which are available today with the government was like air transport, train, car, buses etc. was not there with Mughal empires.
(v) Today’s government has the availability of technology and means of use of resources and its distribution which Mughal empires did not had.
Q. 20. What was the view of church towards ancient Greek and Latin literature ? Behind this what were its assumptions ? Ans. In medieval period of Europe study of ancient Greek and Latin literature had became limited due to affect of christian church. This literature was written before birth of Jesus and was not according to christianity. It was request of the church that in this world there should not be worry for getting happiness. But should try to get heaven. Due to opposition of church ancient literature started to vanish in western Europe.
Q. 21. What were the subjects of ancient Greek literature ? Prepare a list for this. Ans. In the centre of ancient Greek literature were human and various aspects of his life. Main subjects of this were politics ethics, philosophy of law cultural behaviour and physical world etc.
Q. 22. Can you tell how profession and business must have developed by urbanisation and by formation of new states ? Ans. Due to urbanisation and formation of new states new middle class arose. In this businessmen, clerk, advocates, professional artists, poet, writer etc. were included. new profession and work which developed included accounting administration, taxation, judiciary work, mediators between states etc.
Q.23. What type of problem people would have faced by profit earning from business, king becoming powerful ? Ans. By profit earning by business class would have become more rich and capital got collected with few people in cities by which capitalist class started exploitation of weaker section or labourers by which struggle of classes started in the society. By this due to rise of class discrimination weaker section in terms of financial position faced various types of problems. King when becomes powerful they develop unbridled nature and unbridled ruler exploit public so by increase in powers of king public faced problems.
Q. 24. Make a list of the most prominent features of humanism. Ans. In medieval period there was affect of religion on people and people had forgotten ancient knowledge. In 14th century humanism developed. Under this emphasis was laid an study of ancient Latin literature. To develop personal skills of people education and literature was taken as basis print media specifically aided in this. For writing local languages were used. Assumptions of church were now checked by people on the basis of logic and were being criticised. Now they started thinking on the basis of intelligence, logic and science.
Q. 25. Who in Considered to be originator of the humanist movement ? What was his main concern ? Ans. Father of study of humanity movement was fransisco petrok. He worried about this that people of his time did not use language properly. For this he studied ancient Latin literature. By this he understood that with the help of this other than proper language we can prepare our mind to think properly and understand world in a better way.
Q. 26. Did women have a role in humanism ? Ans. In pre modern era generally only males were given formal education. It was expected from the women that they will manage all household work but there were some such woman who crossed those limits and studied Greek and Latin Literature and recorded their names among humanism writers. Such kind of woman was cassandra fedele. Fedele requested that women should also take part in such type of literature study. In those days vence was repololic but women were not allowed to take part in public life criticisting this fedele said that by this independence and democracy gets limited and men’s wishes are given preference. In a way it was starting criticism of male dominating system. By this way to rise feminist thinking opened for upcoming time.
Q. 27. Machiavelli wrote book on which subject ? Ans. Humanist thinker of Italy Machiavelli published his book, The prince in 1513. This was basically based on politics subject. Its feature was this that it did not discuss about idealistic but discussed about the political activities of reality. In this being free from worries of ethic how a king can acquire unbridled power is described.
Q. 28. How was invention of printing press helpful in study of humanism ? Ans. By invention of printing press new and old book’s could be printed in large number and can reach long distances. By this conversation and exchange of ideas between scholars became easy.
Q. 29. Do you think intellectuals should with independence criticise society or should work within the limits determined by government or society ? Give answer with reasons.
Ans. Intellectuals should independently criticise society in such a way that none of the specific class is discriminated. That means intellectuals must without any bias should criticise position of all sections of the society so that people must knows the real situation. Upto an extent it is necessary for the intellectuals to follow the determined limits by government and society. If there will be no limits on this then in the name of intellectus anyone would criticise the society in a manner not according to social limits. So it is also necessary to follow determined limits of society.
Q. 30. Why intellectuals of Europe had to take help of ancient literature in search of new ideas ? Ans. Intellectuals understood that by study of ancient literature other than language we can prepare our minds to think in proper way and to understand world better. Intellectuals believed that by this behavioural skills develops like in way of thinking and formal letter writing, giving speech, to present party in court, to talk with objective of business or politics etc.
Q. 31. What was the effect of printing of books on the independence of intellectuals ? Ans. Printing of books had this affect on independence of intellectuals that they could more their thinking read for distances even after being in one place. By this among various scholars of different places conversation and exchange of ideas became easy. Other than this intellectuals started writing same topic in various regional languages so that public could adopt them.
Q. 32. In today's era a technology has taken place of printing what is it? and what was its affect an independence of intellectuals ? Ans. Today the technology which has taken place of print media is electronic media or internet. By means of this we can exchange informations and ideas by T.V. or internet. This technology had such affect on intellectuals that they could not independently exchange their ideas and by means of electronic media could connect with people and could know ideas and thoughts of all.
Q. 33. Do you think artist must always make dictoreal potraits ? Give your thinking with reasons. Ans. Yes, I think artist must always make real dicto paintings due to following reasons :
(i) If painter will paint dicto painting people will know the reals situation.
(ii) If there will not be reality in paintings, then people will not have real knowledge but delusion knowledge.
(iii) Painter takes the topic of paintings from the society if they will not be real then it will not be able to give correct information about the society.
Q. 34. Why were new powerful king, ruler, popes, businessmen etc. encouraging realistic art ? Ans. King, monarch, and pope were encouraging realistic art because by realistic art they could reach the Public in respect to their real working and by means of art to know actual position of public easily. Other than this if contemporary painters with make realistic paintings then on future people will get correct knowledge about situations of king traders were encouraging realistic paintings because they had to travel in various countries for trade, they could know the correct position about the country by these realistic paintings and properly conduct trade.
Q. 35. Earth rotates around sun - To believe this a common person would face what problems ? Ans. A common person to believe - “Earth is rotating around the Sun” will face following problems :
(i) Common person sees that sun rises from a specific direction (east) and sets in west so, it will be difficult to believe that earth rotates because it seems like the sun is rotating.
(ii) Secondly, stars and moon when seen seems to be in motion by which delusion occurs that they all are moving and earth is standing.
Long Answer Type Question
Q. 1. How was importance of experiment, observation and calculation established in science ? Can Scientific knowledge without them ? Ans. Importance of experiment, observation and calculation was established in science in following ways :
(i) When sailors of Europe searched for new sea routes to reach India and China, for this they had to traval long route in sea. Which was possible only by knowing positions of stars and planet. To determine sea route magnetic direction indicators were being used and telescope was invented to see far distance in sea.
(ii) Scholars of medieval period believed that earth was in centre of the universe and all stares, sun, moon and planets rotates around earth. Astronomer of polland copernicus published a book in which he said that in the centre of the universe its not earth its the sun and along with other planets, earth also rotates around it.
(iii) Church opposed ideology of copernicus, but many people to check these thought started minutely studying about the movements of stars and planets. Intensive study of this calculation was done by one astronomer Capellar and he said that to understand this it should be believed that along with earth all planets rotate around the sun, as Copernicus has said.
(iv) Capellar established that about physical world we cannot just understand on the basis of beliefs, scriptures and assumptions but by minutely analysing and calculating. This belief was taken ahead by scientist of Italy Galileo specialisation of Galileo was this that he asked many questions and to get answers did experiments and on its basis drew conclusion. He gave more importance to minute measure and calculation these became basic principles of science.
(v) Galileo used the new invention by the sailors, telescope to see the planets. On the basis of his studies Galileo found the principle of Copernicus of sun at the centre correct and he published this in the book. Against this Conclusion of Galileo on him popes filed case.
(vi) On the basis of discoveries by capellar and Galileo English scientist Isaac newton proparded the principle of gravitation and motion of heavenly bodies. By principle of newton a new era started in which science was given main position. This way in pre modern era getting separate from religious bias new science commenced. This new science was not based on early assumptions but it made basis experiments and calculations conclusions. Lastly we can say that without experiment, observations and calculations scientific knowledge cannot be created.
Q. 2. What did the European navigators set out on their maritime expeditions ? why was science important for their sea voyages ? Ans. When scientists like copernicus and Galileo were engaged in their discoveries that time sailors of Europe were travelling long distances in sea to reach for islands. In their this work calculation and observation of planets and stars most have helped them and direction indicator must have help in ascertaining the direction. Many travelling had also been made to promote christianity many travellers also travelled for business purpose.
Q. 3. On the basis of the following questions identify the names of the country and find out them in the map :
That country whose role was on India till 1947 ............ (England)
That country whose capital is Paris named beautiful city ............ (France)
A country with ancient civilization who gave sukrat and plato name big philosophers to the world ............
A country which is surrounded by meditarrean sea from three sides and whose capital is Rome ............ (Italy)
A developed country of mid - Europe whose capital is Berlin ............ (Germany)
A large country of Europe whose capital is mosco ............ (Russia)
If from India to Paris we have to go by road then which all countries do we have to cross Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Italy.
If from India through sea route England is to be reached by which route we like to go, - see map where (8) is written.
Find Iran in the map it has old relation with India. See map where (9) is written.
Find Iraq in the west of Iran - Here civilization was of Harrappa civilization. See map where (10) is written, civilization of Iran is known as mesopotamia civilization.
Find Arab peninsular where Islamic religion commenced see map where (11) is written.
Identify philistin where charistion religion commenced see map where (12) is written.